Six clicks separate people from each other.

“A long-observed social phenomenon suggests that people across the globe are separated by surprisingly few connections. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Prove There Are Just Six Degrees of Separation in a Social Network)

“In a networked world, we are about six steps away from another individual. In the world of the Internet. That means six clicks separate us from any person who uses the internet. This is one of the most incredible ideas. The idea dates back to 1967. Harvard psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment. He sent letters to random people and then asked them to send those letters to their closest friends. This is a classic chain letter experiment. And of course, Milgram asked. People. Those who participated in that network test wrote their names on that paper. The idea was that Milgram wanted to know how far a random person was from Milgram. Most of those letters never return. But in letters. Those that returned were about five to six names. Before they returned to the hand of Milgram. 

This means that there are approximately six people between members of the same network. This causes an interesting thing about networks. People can be members of the same networks. But they ever. Head of each other. And this causes. The situation that we all know. Some people might say that somebody. That person knows, knows that third-party person, or knows somebody who has that name. Those people don’t necessarily know the person. But they know the name. 

“Milgram concluded from his small-world experiments that any two random people in the United States would be linked by a chain of (on average) six steps.” (Wikipedia, Small-world experiment)

In that image, the balls are people who are not involved in the chain. But those people transmit information to their own networks. The same models are used to track the origins of the epidemics. Or, those models can also be used. To track. Things like drug dealers. When some outside actor transfers information into their own networks. That causes a situation where information spreads to global networks. 

“The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length for social networks of people in the United States. The research was groundbreaking in that it suggested that human society is a small-world-type network characterized by short path lengths. The experiments are often associated with the phrase "six degrees of separation", although Milgram did not use this term himself.  (Wikipedia, Small-world experiment)

But then. We can think. About the networks and their problem. When we think that we all have two or three good friends, we must understand. A couple of things. In information networks, “friend” is not necessarily. The individual person. The friend is the thing. There, we share information. We all have more than just two relationships. If we think that we are three actors, who tell everything to each other. We forget. We can think that humans have two hands. They might all have two connections. Those two close friends are only one connection. And then we have the connection. None of our three people ring knows. When we share information with those outsiders that causes a situation, that information starts to spread in the network. 

Things like married people can use or look at each other’s Facebook accounts. The “Friend” can also be some group. Like a soccer team discussion forum. If we have two trusted fiends in the information network, we often forget that those fiends also have two trusted friends. But there is a possibility that those people or groups. That we think of as “fiend”. Might not know each other. So we might know those two people. But maybe one or both know some third-party member. This third-party member. Is the thing. That causes information to spread through the network. In the networked world. We don’t know. Who really is the person we see on the net? People can claim. That they are even the Secretary General of the U.N. 

The model. That. Between every user of the net. Cause interesting thoughts. Six clicks. Separate us from the biggest chiefs in the business world. Six clicks separate us from a serial killer. And six clicks separate us from secret agents and drug dealers. This means. That the secret agent, the biggest boss, the serial killer, and the drug dealer. They are always part of our networks. This causes an interesting thought. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-prove-there-are-just-six-degrees-of-separation-in-a-social-network/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_experiment

Optical encryption boosts networks.

“The image conceptually represents the compact, chip-scale platform integrating the 5×5 VCSEL array and custom beam-shaping optics to create a structured grid of uniform square spots. Credit: H. Safi (University of Cambridge)” (ScitechDaily, Forget Wi-Fi This Laser Tech Hits 360 Gbps at Half the Power)

Encryption protects information that travels on the net. But it also protects the system from unauthorised code. If the bit that travels to the system’s gate is wrong. The system denies access. To the system. This also makes it possible. To use the same data line with multiple devices. The same optical fibre or laser beam. It can transmit information to multiple devices. At the same time. The encryption process means that each participant. 

Of the receiving system cloud, like drone swarms, can take their individual orders. The idea is that the lidar system can use the broadcast address. Or the individual participant can pick. The “personal” orders by blocking others. Than the bits that are meant for that participant. The user can give orders to the entire cloud by using the broadcast address. And then. Click on one participant, which means the participant knows. 

That the next orders are for it. When the operator clicks the icon or the point. There, the drone, etc. is. The drone sends BizTalk information to the transmitter. The BizTalk includes the individual receiving address. And then the system can start the private communication. The optical communication means that drones can have small screens there are certain images. Those images can tell a certain. The individual drone that. The next commands are for it. 

The primary concern with WiFi in secure communication is that it can be eavesdropped upon. The laser-based communication is safer. But it doesn’t completely solve those problems. There is a possibility that using scattering effects, such as micro- or nanoparticles, may make the laser beam visible from the sides. When a nanoparticle goes into the laser beam. It can aim part of that radiation to the sides. 

This is one of the weaknesses in lasers. Another thing is that. The laser beam must have a straight line of sight to the receiver. The same thing. It can make it possible to use laser communication in a room. The laser beam can be directed to the glass box.  There are nano-particles in the box, and that makes the thing look like a light bulb. The receiver can see that thing from every side. And it can make this type of communication more secure than traditional WiFi. The data can travel between rooms through optical fibres. 

When we look at. The laser-based communication, the laser beam, or the laser beam pack, can form the mosaic. That mosaic can be used to form images. The image is the thing. That acts as one of the encryption keys. If that mosaic image. Which could be geometrical. Or it can portray some  character, it's right, the system reads the bit. If that image is not in its memory, the bit is denied. In those cases. 

The image is the key that opens the system’s gate to the message. The message is, of course, open for the system. Only if it travels through the gate. This means that the encryption also protects the system from malicious code. 

The encryption prevents the system from opening its gate for unauthorised code. 

There is a possibility that laser holograms can replace the radio-based WiFi in secure data communication. The hologram. It can have a certain shape. Like a statue. The receiver can use a regular camera to recognise binary communication. 

The system can use quantum or semi-quantum communication. The shape of the hologram statue. Tells. The receiving system receives information. That the system transmits on purpose.  The shape of the hologram acts as a key that activates the decoding system. If the image that the system sees is wrong. And. If it is not stored  in its memory, the system will not recognise that information. 

This means that there are many ways to secure information. The hologram, the colour of the hologram and its blinking sequence. The hologram itself can also be covered behind the blanket. Or it can be in the box. That allows the user and the computer to see it. That hologram can look like some art. And that makes the encryption hard to break. The hologram will not transmit information if there are no authorised users in the same space. 

https://scitechdaily.com/forget-wi-fi-this-laser-tech-hits-360-gbps-at-half-the-power/

The new Chinese radars can be a threat to stealth.

"Representative image of a Chinese Shenyang J-31, circa 2014." (Interesting Engineering)

The gallium oxide diodes can make it possible to create compact radars for stealth fighters. This system enables the creation of new shapes for stealth fighters' profiles. This allows free aerodynamic planning and the use of more accurate shapes.  But these kinds of systems. Makes it possible. To create more advanced radar systems than before. The simplest way is to install more radars on aircraft. Those radars and other sensors can observe the area around the craft. Those kinds of systems. They can search for incoming enemy missiles and aim the weapons. Into positions where they came. 

The system. It can be created by using multiple radar arrays. This means that the new jet-fighters can have radar systems. Those are like mosaics. Each of the pieces of the mosaic structure is an independently operating radar. This means that radar. This means that some of those radars can operate in passive mode. When some other radar illuminates that plane, those systems can track it. The problem with jammers is this. They must operate at the same frequency as radars. 

"By improving detection capabilities against drone swarms, the technology could strengthen air-defense networks."(Interesting Engineering)

That they must jam. So if the system sees that it’s jammed. It can shut down transmitters. And then the passive system. That is the radar receiver antenna. It can be used to track the jammer. In the same way. The radar-warning systems can have a triangular measurement system. That system can point the radar’s location with a very high accuracy. 

The mosaic-based arrays can scan an area using many radio frequencies. At the same time. Those kinds of systems can be more immune to jammers than old-fashioned radars. The radar operates as an entirety. The AI connects the data that the radar group gets. Then that AI. It can connect that data with the data flow. Which comes from other sources. Like optical sensors. Those sensors. They can be in other aircraft. Ground-based, or drones. 

Or they can operate onboard the plane. This means that those systems can get more data than ever before. And that makes those systems more intelligent and more effective than before. Those systems are based. On network-based solutions, which connect the entire battlefield. Into one entirety. The system shares data between multiple systems. 

The new radar systems use AI algorithms to analyze and sort information flow. Those new systems can detect drone swarms and then separate decoy drones from real drones. But the problem is that all drones can carry explosives. And they can all be devastating. The system. That AI can search and identify targets with new accuracy. The AI algorithms can also analyze threats with new accuracy. This thing makes the attackers and defenders deadlier than ever before. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinas-semiconductor-enable-compact-radar

https://interestingengineering.com/military/chinese-radar-identify-decoy-drones-real-targets

The new technology allows researchers to create quantum sensors. That can operate. In very high temperatures.

"Schematic image of a 2D sensor squeezed between two diamond anvils. Credit: Chong Zu, modified by SciTechDaily.com) (ScitechDaily, Scientists Develop “Unbreakable” Quantum Sensor Built to Survive 30,000 Atmospheres)

The quantum computer bases the quantum sensors. Those quantum sensors, called qubits, can work as a network. The morphing quantum neural network can be the most powerful computer that we have ever imagined. 

The new and powerful technology can revolutionize quantum engineering forever. When we think about optical quantum computers. There, the system controls qubits using light. Those qubits hang between the conoids. The new materials allow replacement of those conoids using the physical conoids. Those conoids were made using the nano-sized diamonds. It is possible to create a system or a sensor. That can operate under pressure. 30,000 times greater than Earth's atmosphere. 

"Scientists who study topological materials face a challenge — how to establish and maintain control of these unique quantum behaviors in a way that makes applications like quantum computing possible. In this experiment, Ames Laboratory Scientist Jigang Wang and his colleagues demonstrated that control by using light to steer quantum states in a Dirac semimetal. Credit: US Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory" (ScitechDaily, Discovery of Light-Induced Switching Mechanism Advances Optically Controlled Quantum Computation)

"Scientists at Auburn University created a new type of material where electrons can move freely across a solid surface. By arranging these electrons in different patterns, the material could one day be used to build faster computers or design better chemical reactions. Credit: Auburn University" (ScitechDaily, This Quantum Electron Breakthrough Could Make Computers Faster Than Ever Before)

The quantum sensor is between those diamonds. That thing makes it possible. To create a room-temperature superconductor. Those sensors can be used as a quantum neural network. These kinds of systems can be used to create small and compact quantum computers, which require less space than ever before. High pressure raises the superconducting temperature. The system can make new quantum supercomputers closer to the table than ever before. 

The quantum computer is not the same as the quantum sensor. Both of those systems use similar things. The quantum sensor uses the oscillation. In the low-energy atoms. Or, their quantum fields. The quantum computer transmits information between quantum points called qubits. The quantum neural network. Or a morphing quantum neural network. It is the system that transports information between quantum points. During that process, the system brings new information from outside the original data flow. 

The quantum computer doesn’t need as high an accuracy as the ultra-sensitive quantum sensor. That observes things like gravitational waves. The quantum computer requires the superconductors. Because resistance in the wire destroys information. The superconductor allows for transport. Of information in its original form. Information is the wave that travels on the shell of a wire. The resistance creates standing waves that break the quantum information. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/discovery-of-light-induced-switching-mechanism-advances-optically-controlled-quantum-computation/

https://scitechdaily.com/performance-benchmark-advanced-for-quantum-computers/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-holy-grail-of-physics-scientists-discover-new-path-to-room-temperature-superconductors/

https://scitechdaily.com/this-quantum-electron-breakthrough-could-make-computers-faster-than-ever-before/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-develop-unbreakable-quantum-sensor-built-to-survive-30000-atmospheres/

Writing about methods what is using to mapping the social network

https://hisrtoriaajapolitiikkaa.wordpress.com

Kimmo Huosionmaa

When we are making texts in the social media, we must understand, that they can be in there even forever after we are closing our account. Sharing the texts without permission is of course against copyrights and that's why against law and trust if the person, who wrote that text is told, that the texts should not be shared. This thing must be understood before starting to share any texts in the net. If the person whose texts have been shared without permission or mentioning the source, would that cut the relationships to that person who shared the texts.

But the worst case is, that those texts have been printed or published and because the copyright laws are strict, the person, who makes those prints must pay every print, and the second thing is, if that text has bought profits for the person, who has stolen the text, should those profits pay to the copyright owner, because if the text is stolen, the court of law must say, that the profits must be given to the state or to the person, whose texts have been published. The contract, what is made could save the publisher from the payments, but this contract should follow the orders, what is controlling the contracting and publishing.

The thing, what is always forgotten, is that the form of those texts is telling, that if the text is written by somebody else. The sudden change of the style of writing is telling, that the account is used by some other person, what suppose to be the writer. If the writer had just used the clear and sharp, error-free text, and the text is changing the mode, that the writer stops to follow the linguistic orders. The thing tells that something is changed in the texts.

An analyst can also conclude is the text made in a peaceful place or is it made in when the writer is hurrying. If the observer can follow the writing process, would this person see, is the monitored object in the place, where the disturbing is happening very often. And also the way to use computer tells is there the plugs available or should the user use only the battery, what gives limits for listening to music or use other applications, but this requires full access to the targeted computer. If the opinion of the person suddenly changes, and the person, who was sooner supported free and open source software would transfer to support commercial software, that would tell that some kind of contracts has made between this person and some corporation. And this turns this person to use the commercial tools.

A form of the texts is used to track the people, who are connected together by using social media. And the use of social media is telling something about the hobbies and interests of the people, who are using it. So it can use as the profiling tool for the companies and governments. But it can also uncover the connections between the people. In this case, social media is used for creating a map of the network of some recruiters, what are hiring people for their clients.

In this case, the person is mapping, the phrases, what the persons use are following by using social media is used to find out the connections, what this person has. And even if the person would not want to use social media, the flying words like "don't be afraid of that" in the cases like other people ask permission to come to visit to the monitored person, or the central, whose social relationships wanted to map.

In this case, the weight of the person in the social network acts similarly with the mass of the particles like planets in the universe. If the person has lots of social mass,  the person has something to offer to those contacts. And one thing is clear if the person has lots of connections to high-level jobs. But those job requirements is always higher education, and if the high-educated people are connected with this agent in other social media solutions, would there be workplaces what they can apply.

And if we are taking the opposite case where the uneducated people are connecting with some recruiting agent, would this person have very much workplaces, where the higher education is not needed. But there are some other things, what we can find out of those texts, what are published on the Internet, and one is if some persons are very sure, that they would have the place, would they style to write the things to be different than the persons, who are not so sure about this case, that they would be elected in the workplace.

The banking reserve and financial policy

https://metsantarinoita.blogspot.com/

Kimmo Huosionmaa

When governments make their contracts of the structure like roads and buildings they act like other actors. Almost every budget in the building industry is calculated a little bit over the real costs, because of the unexpected catastrophes or disturbing the production. There is calculated the loss of building material, what can be replaced with new elements, and if the accident happens in the building site, would that replacement pay the contractor. 

But if there are no accidents, the money what is reserved for those replacements would leave to the bank accounts. Also, another reserve is made for repairings, but if there is no need for that the money would not be used. This would grow the money in the accounts, what are called the overbudgeting. 

The governments are working like big companies in this area, and one of the things, where that money is used is the financial buffer, what makes possible to make fast investments in the short period. This buffer is so-called "free money", and it is not connected to any special projects or other things. Why I'm writing about governments and corporations like mixing those things? The reason is that money buffers work basically the same way, are they governmental or private sector money. 

There is no difference between an actor in this case. And when we are thinking about the multinational corporations, we are facing the truth, that those corporations have very much money in their buffers. And if they want, they can use it in the thing, called currency investment. In this case, the investor would follow the value of currencies and then sell or change the money for another currency.  

Simply the way to explain, how this thing happens is to buy some currency, and then the value of the currency is rising that actor can sell that money for the better price. But normal way to use this methodology is to use the multiple currencies, what can give short period incoming and winnings for the investor. And if the investor would have billions of dollars in use, even the small change of the value of the currency would give big profits for that person. 

This requires the ability to follow the courses of currencies all the time, but the Internet would give the possibility for that. The change of the currencies value can easily to follow by using the Internet. This way to use currency as the merchandise can also cause the changes in the value of currencies. When somebody would buy money for billions of dollars, that will cause the raise if this targeted currency, and this is the way, where the investor would manipulate the value of the currency. 

If that would be translated into the normal language, that kind of investor cannot make losses, and in this kind of actions can this person use weak currencies. First, this actor would buy the weak currency by using dollars or euros, and this investor would use billions of units of money. And then this targeted currency would get more value. After that, the actor would just buy euros, dollars or yen, and then gets very much profit from that action. This causes, of course, the inflation in the weak currencies, but in this case, the thing would not mean. 

The reason why this kind of currency trader would choose weak currencies is that in this game would the thing, what makes profits is percents. If that investor can pull the currency up many percents, that person would get more profits. And if this tradesman would sell the currency or exchange it in the very short period of the time, would that give very good benefits. In the modern world, the computers can use to build the networks, where the sum would transfer by using many currencies, and that will maximize that profit.