Superhydrophobic materials can be more fundamental than we think.

"Research on metal-organic frameworks has led to the development of superhydrophobic surfaces by grafting hydrocarbon chains, which create a high-entropy state essential for minimizing water adhesion. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (SitechDaily, Water’s Worst Nightmare: The Rise of Superhydrophobic Materials)

The new superhydrophobic materials can revolutionize electronics and clothes, as well as the development of ships and submarines. The hydrophobic materials form the water droplets on their surface. The material itself is non-polar. And the water molecules' polarity makes the pulling force in the water droplet stronger than in the layer. So water molecules pull themselves into the form of droplets. 

"Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, thus, prefer other neutral molecules and nonpolar solvents. Because water molecules are polar, hydrophobes do not dissolve well among them. Hydrophobic molecules in water often cluster together, forming micelles. Water on hydrophobic surfaces will exhibit a high contact angle. " (Wikipedia, Hydrophobe)

If the front side of the vessel is hydrophobic. That causes an effect on the water at the back of the vessel. Pushes it forward. And that can be the tool that makes small mini-subs move. The small submarines that are the size of rice can use that kind of structure to move. But it can also make improvements for larger vessels. 

That thing is suitable for clothes. However, the hydrophobic materials can also protect electronics and decrease friction between submarines, surface ships, and water. 

The superhydrophobic layer pushes water away from the submarine's or surface ship's hull. 

That decreases friction. And energy use in submarines and surface vessels. 

In some ideas, the hydrofoils use planes covered by a superhydrophobic layer. That thing can give those systems more power. 

"Left: Porous substrate with a small water contact angle: The surface absorbs a lot of liquid. Right: The new material features a large water contact angle and is thus nearly completely hydrophobic. Credit: KIT" (ScitechDaily, Water’s Worst Nightmare: The Rise of Superhydrophobic Materials)

The superhydrophobic layer can also make it possible to create new types of propulsion systems. 

The propellers can also have superhydrophobic layers. That helps to keep them clean. But that material also decreases the noise in the system because the water contact with the propeller's frame is minimal. 

The superhydrophobic layer keeps water away from the propeller. And if it's at the front side of the propeller. That makes the low pressure. At the front of it. 

That system pulls water tighter against the back of the propeller. That makes the difference in pressure levels deeper. 

That makes it possible to give thrust to the propeller. In magnetohydrodynamic drive, those layers can make the water flow silently through the accelerator tube. But the major breakthrough would be if the water can keep its droplet form below water. That makes it possible to create the nano-balls between the hull and the normal water layer. 

That system should make the water more slippery and make it possible to create faster submarines and ships that use less fuel to reach fast speeds. The hydrophobic layer can also be used in aircraft and rockets. The system could pump water on the layer and that creates the small balls between air and the aircraft body. 

Those materials can also used to create the perfect bubbles for nanotechnology. The superhydrophobic layer can create water droplets that will be put into the freezer where the system freezes those droplets forming nanoballs that can operate in low temperatures. That means there can be many useful things where that system can operate. 

https://scitechdaily.com/waters-worst-nightmare-the-rise-of-superhydrophobic-materials/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobe

The Jupiter's secrets, what Juno-probe can discover

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Below this text is the link to Juno-programs homepages of NASA. There are some details, what people probably don't know about this planet. The gas giant is well-known that there are massive radiation areas around it, and the planet have been well known also that it shines more radiation, than it gets from the sun. The thing causes by the very strong magnetic field of that planet, and sometimes have been speculated that there would be forming so-called micro-fusions inside that planet layer of metallic hydrogen, because if the speed of rotation of that layer is very high, and the flashes of lightning inside the atmosphere would raise the temperature of the nucleus of the planet high enough, would there happen also nuclear reactions.

The Jupiter is giving the information, how the stars are forming and also conditions near the brown drafts, what are the coldest stars, what can be found in the universe. The brown draft is cooler and smaller than the red draft, and some of them are actually smaller than Jupiter, but they are forming with heavier elements than Jupiter and in those cases, the pressure and heat are enough high, that sometimes inside those stars happens short term fusion reaction.

When there is a pause in the nuclear reactions inside brown dwarf, the star would start to get smaller, and the pressure inside the star would rise. That will start the fusion, what causes that the brown dwarf would get bigger. When the pressure would get lower, nuclear reaction inside those "cepheid dwarf" would get low, and fusion will stop. The reason, why I called brown dwarfs as "Cepheid dwarfs" is that they are acting like other cepheid-stars, but brown dwarfs are smaller than those "normal cepheids".

The red spot of Jupiter is a very interesting phenomenon because using it the scientists would get information, that would there be water in Jupiter's atmosphere. There is a little possibility, that in the clouds of that planet would be tiny organisms like bacteria or even amoebas and medusa-looking organisms, what would be hanging in the clouds of that gas giant. The idea of those lifeforms is not actually my own, I took it from the Carl Sagan's book "Cosmos", what is very interesting to read even in the almost 40 years after it was published. The idea that there would be primitive lifeforms in other planets is not new.

There are suspected to be found the bacteria in other planets and moons in our solar system. And one of the promising places after the Europa moon is Triton, the giant moon of Neptune. There are black geysers on the surface of this moon, and that has given an idea, that the life form on other planets would use volcanic heat for making energy for their processes. That would allow the bacteria level organisms existing in many moons, where are volcanic actions, what gives energy for those organisms, what are living in the weak sunlight, what couldn't maintain photosynthesis.

Sources:

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf

Jack is back, as you might see.

Picture I

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The reply above the text is from the well-known movie "Shining", what is a very good example of the so-called closed room story, what is so good, because of the impressive acting of Jack Nicholson. This story is a very good example, what the brain damage or tumor in brains might cause for people. Sometimes attempt to make scientific texts is very boring, and the feeling is like in some funerals, because every letter or thought must be shown as the truth or false by using empirical methodology. And that means that the theory must be proven true by using a series of tests, and that makes people on the edge of the peptic ulcer.

But there are many tests, what we would ever make on the Earth. One of those tests is to make the spacecraft jump to the fourth dimension by using the physical phenomenon, that the speed of light is lower in the medium. And the theory goes, that if we would shoot the particle to the sea by the speed of light, and when the capsule would hit to the sea, it would be travel faster than light in a very short period.

This phenomenon happens all the time in the neutrino sensors, where the electron travels faster than light in the microsecond. In this time it would send the blue light shock wave to the sensor. If we would use this method with some capsule, it would travel to the future or the past or in very far away from our planet. But there is one very big risk. When the capsule would hit to the water, it would transfer the very high load of energy to that material, and the all planet can be destroyed. This is one reason, why this theory, that we could use the edges of the material for space or time travel is absurd. But this kind of things is very good to think.

If we would use the particle accelerator for that kind of tests, we might risk the life of the entire planet. If that test would go wrong, releasing the energy would be the most destructive thing, what we could ever think. But sometimes I have wondered, can we sometimes make the probe, what we can shoot to the different time. In this case, I think about the peanut-size probe, what would shoot thru the edge of two materials. This test would be dangerous, and something goes wrong, will the impact energy be very destructive. In normal collation, tests are used only Protons and Electrons, what have the less mass than some probe. And if there would be some problems, the results will be devastating.

Picture

http://discovermagazine.com/2014/sept/9-ghosts-of-the-universe

Sometimes important persons seem boring

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Willing to doubt sense is the key to making new things. The new ideas and new ways to do can only found from the old and traditional ways. When we are thinking new things and will to make new ideas, our mind needs food, and this makes our lifestyle important. The lifestyle must have three balanced parts, the fun, the rest and the work must take balanced roles in our life, and there is one thing, what we always forget. If one part in this triangle takes the too big role, that thing changes its form. Let's take an example. Have you ever took part to parties, where you must go? That might feel very funny, we always like the party.


But in this case, the parties are because the old grandma would have her 85th. birthday. In there the youngsters would not feel comfortable, because the old grandma doesn't normally listen to the same music what youngsters like. And the clothes and behavior in those parties are the little bit different than in normal school parties. In this case, the clothes, what youngsters wear might be different than in the normal parties they visit and do you think that they have fun to listen to the things, what they would not quite understand.


The business life is not the quite interesting thing in the mind of young people, and there are not many adults, who quite understand the mechanisms about the economy and society. But there are many people, who want to see the movie "Top Gun". They want to see, that the jet fighters are flying on the skies, and this makes that movie the great experience. But the reality is always forgotten. In the real life, those fighters or fighter-bombers are made for some purposes, and they are part of the most calculated strike force on the Earth.


And here I forgot one thing: the strike capacity of the military force must not be too high, because the force needs resistance. If there are no enemies, our military forces would sometimes take a control in the nation, what is not the very nice thing. But as we know the real life is not the movie, where we can get everything, what we want. If we want to be realistic, we need money for parties and another kind of things. And this means that we can't avoid the work. And many times the work is not so interesting looking, what we might want. There are many boring things, what are made by the boring looking persons, who might want to look boring. Those persons make houses, what is safe to live, and also they make fighters, what mission is to take the airspace to control and bomb the enemy targets away.


But when we are thinking about the second and more boding thing, what is making buildings, we might notice that there are many things, what could be dangerous. Have you seen the music video "Angels crying" of the techno band "E-Type"? In that video is the very interesting shower, what might not be allowed in real life. If there are two showers on the wall, what would be separated, there could be the way to kill the person. If some real evil person would connect the electricity to those showers, with installing the cables in the different tubes, the electric shock would kill that person instantly.


In some book, the killer connected the aggregate to that kind of system and executed the victim by using that very lethal method, what is very difficult to notice. In some death chambers of the concentration camps were used the salt water, what was be electric, and the metal floors were connected the electric circuit, that the electricity traveled thru those persons. When the showers would be used, the system will connect the circuits and the electric shock will kill the victim immediately. The similar system is used in the electric stun guns, where two ionized water showers will target the person and high voltage electric shock will terminate the target. Sometimes this impulse uses the lethal electricity, and that kind of weapons have been delivered to the special forces and law enforcement.